..    ....      ..»..  I  I  ,"• 

SYNOPSIS   Ol-     !HI::, 

ANATOMY, 

PH  YSi  O  LOGY  AN  0   H I STO-C  H  EM  I STR Y 
OF  THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM 


B  e:.  N  s  o  N 


SYNOPSIS 


OF  A 


COURSE  OF  LECTURES 


ON    THE 


ANATOMY, 

PHYSIOLOGY    AND    HISTO-CHEMISTRY 
OF  THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM. 


JOHN    A.    BENSON,    M.  D.,    COLUMB. 

Professor  of  Physiology  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 


CHICAGO: 

E.   H.   COLEGROVE  &  COMPANY, 

1895- 


COPYRIGHTED  1895. 
E.   H.   COLEGROVE  &  COMPANY, 
CHICAGO. 


317 


Respectfully  Inscribed 

to 
S>r.  5>an'l  1R.  Grower. 


PART  I. 
Biological  Introduction. 

The  determining-  characteristics  of  living  things.  Barriers 
separating  animate  and  inanimate  worlds.  The  Cell— 
peri-nuclear  portion,  the  nucleus,  nucleolus,  etc. 
Properties  of  Protoplasm.  Observations  of  Authori- 
ties, to- wit:  Schwann,  Dujardin,  etc.,  to  the  present 
time.  Karyokinesis. 

Unicellular  fi/ants-~<'Toru\a.,"  "Protococcus  pluvialis." 

Unicellular  animals — "Proteus  animalcule." 

Parasitic  organisms—  "Pencillium  glaucum,"  "Mucor  mu- 
cedo,"  "Bacteria." 

Unicellular  animals  with  differentiation  of  structure — 
"Vorticella." 

Multicellular  organisms — "Hydra  viridis,"   "Hydra  fusca." 

Formation  of  a  nervous  system — Beginning  of  differentia- 
tion of  nervous  from  other  elements,  as  illustrated  in 
simpler  forms  of  life.  Formation  of  reflex  loop.  Higher 
arrangement  of  ganglia  and  fibres.  Ratio  of  fusion  of 
nerve  cells  and  strands  to  integration  of  function. 
Functions  of  the  nervous  system  in  associating  different 
parts  of  the  same  body;  in  bringing  the  living  being 
into  relation  with  the  external  world. 

Reproduction — Embryonic  growth  and  development  with 
special  reference  to  the  nervous  system. 

The  law  of  periodicity,  or  rhythm  in  nature — Examples, 
etc. 

The  law  of  habit — Application,  examples. 

The  origin  of  the  forms  of  life — The  doctrine  of  Evolu- 
tion; progressive  integration  of  structure  and  function, 
with  passage  from  the  single  or  uniform  to  the  multiple 

(4) 


or  multiform;  from  the  simple  to  the  complex;  and  from 
the  general  to  the  special.  Physiological  division  of 
labor,  or  specialization  of  function  and  differentiation  of 
structure. 

Origin  of  life — Two  principal  views:  "The  theory  of 
creation,"  and  the  "theory  of  descent  with  modification." 
Teachings  of  Charles  Darwin.  The  survival  of  the 
fittest.  Sexual  selection. 

Arrangement  of  evidence — I,  Morphology;  2,  Embryology; 
3,  Mimicry;  4,  Rudimentary  organs;  5,  Geographical 
distribution;  6,  Paleontology;  7,  Fossil  and  existing 
species;  8,  Progression;  9,  Domesticated  animals.  (Mills). 

T/ie  American  school — Teachings  of  Cope  and  of  Hyatt. 
Investigations  and  observations  of  Rev.  Dr.  J.  A. 
Zahm.  Neo-Lamarckianism.  Weismann's  teachings. 
Theories  of  Brooks.  Darwin's  hypothesis  of  "pangen- 
esis."  Vines'  equivalent  of  "parthenogenesis."  St. 
George  Mivart's  doctrine  of  "extraordinary  births." 
Romane's  idea  of  "physiological  selection."  Applica- 
tion to  the  consideration  of  diathesis,  idiosyncrasy. 
Observations  of  Herbert  Spencer. 

Man  s  place  in  the  animal  kingdom — No  longer  in  zoology 
placed  in  a  separate  group  by  himself,  man  now  classed 
with  the  "primates"  along  with  the  anthropoid  apes 
(gorilla,  etc.),  the  simians  of  the  old  and  new  worlds 
and  the  lemurs.  Structural  resemblances  between  man 
and  the  other  primates  very  great.  More  difference 
between  the  structure  of  the  most  widely  separated 
members  of  the  group  than  between  certain  of  the 
anthropoid  apes  and  man.  Points  of  greatest  resem- 
blance between  man  and  the  anthropoid  apes  are:  The 
same  number  of  vertebrae;  the  same  general  shape  of 
the  pelvis;  a  brain  distinguishing  them  from  other 
mammals;  and  posture,  being  bipeds.  Distinctive 
characters  are:  Size,  rather  than  form  of  the  brain, 

(5) 


that  of  man  being  more  than  twice  as  large;  a  relatively 
larger  cranial  base,  by  which,  together  with  the  greater 
size  of  the  jaws,  the  face  becomes  prominent,  the  earlier 
closure  of  the  sutures  of  the  cranium  arresting  the 
growth  of  the  brain;  more  developed  canine  teeth  and 
difference  in  the  order  of  eruption  of  the  permanent 
teeth;  the  more  posterior  position  of  the  foramen 
magnum;  the  relative  length  of  the  limbs  to  each  other 
and  to  the  rest  of  the  body;  minor  differences  in  the 
hands  and  feet,  especially  the  greater  freedom  and 
power  of  apposition  of  the  great-toe.  Greatest  distinc- 
tion between  man  and  his  closest  allies  among  the  apes 
is  the  development  to  a  higher  degree  of  his  intellectual 
and  moral  nature,  corresponding  to  the  differences  in 
weight  and  structure  of  the  human  brain,  and  associated 
with  the  use  of  spoken  and  written  language; 
experience  of  previous  generations,  not  only  registered 
in  the  organism  (heredity),  but  also  in  a  form  more 
quickly  available  (books,  etc. ).  The  greatest  structural 
difference  between  the  races  of  men  are  referable  to  the 
cranium,  since  all  interbreed  freely,  must  be  considered 
varieties  of  one  species.  Ethnological  and  anthro- 
pological observations.  Teachings  of  Wesley  Mills, 
etc.  Cuvier's  law  of  the  conservation  of  the  species. 
Nature  detests  hybrids.  Tendencies  to  pass  from 
higher  to  lower  planes. 

Methods  of  Examination  of  Nervous  Tissues. 

A.  Defibering — The  methods  of  Ruysch  and  of  Vicq  d'Azyr. 
of  Reil,  of  J.  Stilling.      Uncertainty  of  these  plans. 

B.  The  preparation   of  section  series — Stilling's  method. 
Apparatus  of  John  C.  Dalton.     Hardening  the  tissues. 
Fixing  media.      Section  cutting.     Microtomes,   various 
kinds.     Gudden's,   Reichert's  sledge,  Weigert's  modifi- 
cation   of  the    diving    microtome    of   Schanze.     Roy's 

(6) 


machine.  Celloidin  method.  Staining-  methods  of  Ger- 
lach,  of  Hoyer,  of  Loewenthal.  Nuclear  stains — Alum- 
Hsematoxylin.  Csoker's  method.  Grenacher's  method. 
Medullary  sheath  stains — Exner's  perosmic  acid  method. 
Palladium  and  gold.  Weigert's  and  Pal's  methods. 
Axis  cylinder  stains — Carmine.  Freud's  method. 
Other  methods  of  coloring .  Impregnating  with  metals, 
etc. — Golgi's  sublimate  coloring.  Adamkiewicz'  stain- 
ing in  saffronin.  Glycerin  mounting.  Oblique  illumin- 
ation in  microscopical  view.  Flesch's  artifice  in  the  use 
of  colored  lights. 

C.  Investigation  of  central  nervous  system  in  embryonic 
and   pathological   conditions — Flechsig's    observations 
on  nerve  myelination.     Secondary  degeneration.     Obser- 
vations   of  Rokitansky    and    Tuerck.     Wallerian    law. 
Histogeny  and  nutrition  of  nerves.     Gudden's   method. 

D.  Comparative  method — Relation   of  organic  functional 
importance  to  anatomical  prominence.     Edinger's  com- 
bination of  comparative  and  historical  methods.     Mey- 
nert's  observations. 

E.  Physiological    method — Vivisection.       Irritation     and 
ablation  of  nerves  ;  of  cord  ;  of  brain,  etc.     Electrotonus. 
Experimental    irritation    and   ablation    compared     with 
pathological  processes,  lesions,  etc.     Value  of  physio- 
logical   experiments    to    be    estimated    only    in    careful 
association  with  anatomical  data. 

Histo-Chemistry  of  the  Nervous  System. 

Classification  of  Nerve  organs.  Gray  and  white  matters. 
Cells  and  fibers.  Neurilemma.  Axis  cylinder.  Schwann's 
medullary  tube.  Axilemma.  Medulemma.  Proteids  of 
nervous  tissues.  Importance  of  thorough  study  of  the 
proteids.  Their  peculiar  place,  and  the  necessity  of  our 
giving  to  them  exceptional  treatment,  for  they  alone 
are  never  absent  from  the  active  living  cells,  which  we 

(7) 


recognize  as  the  primordial  structures  of  animal  and 
vegetable  organisms.  The  material  substratum  of  the 
animal  organism  is  proteid,  and  it  is  through  the  agency 
of  structures  essentially  proteid  in  nature  that  the 
chemical  and  mechanical  processes  of  the  body  are 
effected.  Proteids  are  indispensable  constituents  of 
every  living,  active,  animal  tissue,  and  are  indissolubly 
connected  with  every  manifestation  of  animal  activity. 
Neurokeratin.  Its  properties  and  mode  of  separation. 
Nuclein,  analysis  and  amount.  Phosphorized  con- 
stituents of  nervous  tissues — Protagon.  Discovery  by 
Liebrich  ;  mode  of  preparation  and  properties.  Hypo- 
theses of  Diaconow,  of  Hoppe-Seyler,  of  Thudicum. 
Method  of  Blankenhorn  and  Arthur  Gamgee.  Results 
of  analysis.  Stability.  Researches  on  products  of 
decomposition.  Lecithin.  Observations  of  Gobling, 
Hoppe-Seyler  and  Diaconow.  Formation  of  com- 
pounds. How  separated  from  brain  tissue.  Analysis. 
Products  of  decomposition,  to  wit:  glycerin-phosphoric 
acid  and  neurin  or  cholin.  Other  phosphorized  bodies — 
Kephalines,  Myelins  and  Lecithins.  N  on-phosphorized 
bodies  of  unknown  constitution — Cerebrin  or  cere- 
brins.  Mueller's  researches.  Modes  of  preparation  as 
used  by  Geoghagan  of  Dublin,  and  Gamgee.  Pseudo- 
cerebrin.  Researches  as  to  its  decomposition.  Cetylid. 
Thudicum's  researches.  Cerebrin,  phrenosine  and 
kerasine.  Monad-alcohol — Cholestrine,  preparation, 
properties,  compounds  and  derivatives.  Observations 
of  Austin  Flint.  Cholestrsemia.  Extractives  common 
to  nervous  and  other  tissues — Organic  and  inorganic 
constituents.  Comparative  analysis  of  gray  and  white 
matters.  Review  and  examination  of  the  chemical 
processes  connected  with  the  activity  and  death  of 
nervous  tissues.  Observations  of  Gscheidlen,  Liebrich 
and  Funke.  Chemical  history  of  certain  of  the  peri- 

(8) 


pheral  terminations  of  the  nervous  system  and  of  the 
accessory  structures  connected  with  them,  to  wit:  the 
tissues  and  media  of  the  ear  and  eye.  Tissues  and 
media  of  the  ear — Perilymph  and  endolymph.  Otoliths, 
lapilli  or  otoconia.  Membranous  labyrinth,  etc. 

Tissues  and  media  of  the  eye — Cornea,  analysis  of. 
Presence  of  myosin.  Sclerotic.  Aqueous  humor; 
physical  properties  and  chemical  constituents.  Crystal- 
line lens,  analysis,  chemical  constituents,  changes  in 
cataract.  Vitreous  body  and  choroid.  Retina,  sub- 
division into  layers.  Particular  description  of  the  visual 
epithelium  (retinal  epithelium).  Tapetum.  Variations 
of  retinal  structures  in  different  regions  or  areas  and  in 
different  species  of  animals.  v  General  chemistry  of  the 
retina.  Chemical  structure  of  inner  and  outer  limbs  of 
rods  and  cones.  Solubility  of  outer  limbs  in  bile. 
Chromophanes  or  coloring  matters  of  cones;  chloro- 
phanes,  xanthophane,  rhodophane.  Rkodopsin,  or 
visual  purple  of  rods.  Historical — Distribution  in  the 
retina.  Mode  of  separation.  Optical  characters. 
Spectrum.  Effects  of  light  of  different  wave  lengths. 
Influence  of  temperature.  Action  of  re-agents.  Effects 
of  loss  of  water.  Optograms,  retinal  photography. 
Chemical  facts.  Myeloidin.  Fat.  Lipochrin.  Fuscin. 
Action  of  light  on  visual  purple  in  living  eye.  Visual 
yellow.  Regeneration.  Vision  without  visual  purple. 

Morphology  of  the  Central  Nervous  System. 

Macroscopic  demonstrations.  Leuhossek's  and  Schwalbe's 
methods.  Histogeny.  Development  of  ganglionic 
rudiments.  Neuroblasts  and  spongioblasts.  Observa- 
tions of  His  on  embryonic  growth.  Neurogleia  cells. 
Myelin  cells.  Development  of  spinal  and  cranial 
nerves.  Development  of  the  brain.  The  velum  inter- 
positum.  The  cerebral  vesicles.  Fore-brain,  'tween- 

(9) 


brain,  mid-brain,  hind-brain  and  after-brain.  Develop- 
ment of  cortex  and  stem.  Encephalo-spinal  axis. 
Intermediate  gray  matter  of  the  crural  system.  Con- 
nections of  the  nucleus  caudatus  with  the  rind  of  the 
frontal  and  tempero-sphenoidal  lobes.  Formation  of 
the  ventricles. 

General  Anatomy  and  Consideration  of    the   Intimate    Structure 
of  the  Brain  and  Bulb. 

1.  The  after-brain — Bulbar  region. 

2.  The    hind-brain — Surface,    lobes,    Flocculus,     Vermis. 
The   Medullary  centre.     Arbor-vitae.     Nucleus  of  the 
roof.     Cerebellar    peduncular    systems.     Floor   of  the 
fourth    ventricle.       Sinus  Rhomboidalis.     Vela  medul- 
laria.     Foramen  of  Magendie. 

j.  The  mid-brain — Sulcus  lateralis  mesencephali.  Rela- 
tions of  great  cerebral  peduncles.  Inter-peduncular 
space.  Corpora  quadrigemina.  Brachia,  etc.  Teg- 
ment.  Substantia  nigra.  Semilunar  sections  of  crusta. 
Nerves  in  this  region. 

4.  The   'tween-brain — Optic .  thalamus.       Corpora     geni- 
culata.     Optic  tracts  and  corpora  mamillaria.     Pulvinar. 
Cavity  of  the  'tween-brain,  or  third  ventricle.    Aditus  ad 
aquaeductum     sylvii.       Recessus       infundibuli.       Striae 
corneae.       Ansa      intergenicularis.       Taenia      thalami. 
Ganglion   habenulee.      Conarium.      Posterior     commis- 
sure.    Structures  in  ventral  aspect. 

5.  The  great  brain — The  hemispheres.     The  brain-mantle. 
The    basal    ganglia.        Caudate    nucleus.       Lentiform 
body.      Globus     pallidus    primus    and    secundus.     The 
Putamen.     External  capsule.     Claustrum.     Capsula  ex- 
trema.     The  thalami.     Regio   sub-thalamica.     Centrum 
semi-ovale      Vieussenii.      Internal     capsule.        Corpus 
callosum.     Septum  pellucidum.     Fifth  ventricle.    Pedun- 
culus    septi    pellucidi.     Fornix,    fimbria,    crura    fornicis. 

(10) 


Gray  matter.  Bundle  of  Vicq  d'Azyr.  Verga's  ven- 
tricle. Anterior  commissure,  torsion  of  fibres  in  its 
course.  Base  of  the  fore-brain  in  front  of  the  optic 
chiasm.  Lamina  cribrosa.  Olfactory  tract.  Gray  floor 
commissure.  Lamina  terminalis.  Sulcus  medius  sub- 
stantise  perforate  anterioris. 

6.  Ventricles   of  the  great-brain — How  formed.     Topog- 
raphy.    Connections,  relations,  etc.     Ontogenetic  study 
of  the  ventricles.     Their  morphological  relations  to  the 
central  nervous  system.      Rima  transversa.     Tela  choro- 
idea  superior.     Plexus  choroideus  lateralis.     The  Glo- 
mus.     Sulcus  choroideus.     Plexus  choroideus  medialis. 
Third  ventricle-  Two  portions,  horizontal  and  vertical. 
The  aditus.     Floor.     Recessus  chiasmatis.     Foramen  of 
Monro.      Sulcus    Monroi.      The    psalterium.     Spatium 
supra-choroideum.     Ventricle    of    Verga.     Venae    striae 
corneae.     Lateral  ventricles — Cella  media,   roof,  walls, 
floor.       Anterior    horn,     walls,     etc.       Posterior    horn, 
tapetum,  forceps  posterior  corporis  callosi.     Calcar  avis. 
Fasciculus  longitudinalis  inferior.     Inferior  horn.     Hip- 
pocampal    fissure.       Nucleus    amygdaleus.      Subiculum 
cornu  ammonis.     Substantial  reticularis  Arnoldi.     Fascia 
dentata.     Fimbria.     Pes  hippocampi  majoris.     Eminentia 
collateralis      Meckelii.     Fissura     collateralis.      Fissura 
subiculi    interna.     Relations    of    gyrus    fornicatus,    the 
indusium   griseum,   nervi   Lancisii.     Tuberculum  fasciae 
dentatae.     The  callosal  gyri. 

7.  Topography  of  the  brain-mantle — Lobes,  lobules,  sulci, 
gyri  on  the  surface   of   the  hemispheres.      Insular  con- 
volutions.    Varieties  and  anomalies  of  the  convolutions. 

Vascular  Supply  of  the  Cerebro-Spinal  Axis. 

i.  Spinal  arteries,  etc.  Spinal  branches,  course,  distribu- 
tion, etc.  Anterior  and  posterior  spinal  arteries.  Nu- 
tritive arteries  of  the  cord.  Distribution  in  both  gray 
and  white  matters. 

00 


2.  Bulbar,  pontine  and  cerebellar  arteries.     Vertebral,  basi- 
lar,    etc.      Nutritive   vessels    of    bulb    and    pons    and 
ramifications  and  distribution  as  seen  on  section  of  neu- 
ral tissues.     Vascular  supply  of  the  cerebellum. 

3.  Arteries   of  the   cerebrum.     Main  branches,  distribution 

and  ramifications.     The  cortical  system  and   the  gang- 
lionic  system. 

Relations  of  Different  Parts  of  the  Encephalo-Spino-Neural  System 

to  the  Skeleton. 

Relation  of  cord  and  nerves  to  the  bony  column  of  the  spine. 
Relations  of  cerebral  gyri  and  sulci  to  the  skull.  Top- 
ography of  the  external  surface  of  the  skull.  Definite 
landmarks  of  the  skull's  external  surface.  Primary  and 
secondary  areas  of  the  skull.  Contents  of  the  respective 
areas.  Topographical  relations  of  the  periphery  of  the 
body  to  the  subdivisions  of  the  cerebro-spinal  axis. 

Histological  Elements  of  the  Central  Nervous  System. 

A.  NERVOUS  CONSTITUENTS:     i,   FIBRES;  2,   CELLS. 

B.  NON-NERVOUS    CONSTITUENTS:        I,     VESSELS;    2,      EPITHELIA;    3,     SUP- 
PORTING TISSUES,  TO-WIT:       (A)  MESOBLASTIC  CONNECTIVE  TISSUE, 

(B)    EPIBLASTIC  CONNECTIVE  TISSUE. 

A.     Nervous  constituents— 

i.  Nerve  fibres — Various  kinds  found;  minute 
structure;  axis  cylinder;  primitive  fibrillae;  spongioplasm, 
hyaloplasm;  Fromann's  stripes;  axilemma;  medullary 
sheath;  myelin  forms;  cones  of  Lanterman;  incisures  of 
Schmidt;  MacGowan's  rods;  nodes  of  Ranvier; 
myelemma;  neurilemrna;  nuclei;  nerve  corpuscles; 
demilunes  of  Adamkiewicz.  Histological  subdivision  of 
fibres:  Primitive  fibrillse;  naked  axis  cylinders;  axis 
cylinders  surrounded  by  neurilemrna;  axis  cylinders 
surrounded  by  medullary  tube;  medullated  fibres  with 
neurilemma.  Histological  variations  and  developement 

(12) 


of  medulla:  Pathological  changes;  degenerations  in 
medullated  and  non-medullated  fibres;  partial  hyper- 
trophy of  cylinders;  calcification. 

2.  Nerve  cells.  Relation  to  fibres;  how  to  define. 
Varieties.  Histology.  Behavior  to  reagents.  Isola- 
tion of  cells.  Characteristics  of  axial  cylinder  processes. 
Living  cells.  Granules.  Homologies  of  granules. 
Nerve  corpuscles.  Histological  meaning  of  nerve  cells. 
Differences  between  motor  and  sensory  cells.  Golgi's 
views.  Forel's  views.  Ehrlich's  observations.  Patho- 
logical changes.  Atrophy.  Fatty  degeneration.  Fatty 
pigmentary  degeneration.  Granular  degeneration. 
Vacuole  degeneration.  Colloid  change.  Depigmenta- 
tion.  Hypertrophy.  Calcification.  Nuclear  division. 
Cell  division.  Observations  of  Robinson,  Ceccherelli, 
Fleischl. 
B.  Non-nervous  constituents— 

1.  Vessels.       Structure.      Arteries,    endothelium, 
membrana    fenestrata.       Coats.       Limiting    membrane. 
Adventitial  lymph  space.     Space  of  Virchow-Robin;  of 
His.     Differences.      Pericellular     spaces.      Veins    and 
capillaries.     Fat  and  pigment.     Pathological  changes  in 
small  vessels  of  the  brain.     Melanin.     Fatty  degenera- 
tion and  calcification  of  vessels.     Hypertrophy  of  walls. 
Pseudo-hypertrophy.    Aneurysms.    Corpuscles  in  adven- 
titial  spaces.     Neoplastic  elements.      Coagula. 

2.  Epithelium — Difficulty    of  study    in    the    adult 
human   central    nervous    system.     Study   in   the  lower 
animals.     In  human  animal  best  studied  in  central  canal 
of  the  cord,  floor  of  the  fourth  ventricle  and  aqueduct  of 
Sylvius.     Ependyma.     Observations  of  Herms. 

3.  Supporting    tissues:       (a)     Mesoblastic    con- 
nective tissue;  how  to   demonstrate;   network  of  cells; 
fibres  in  the  ependyma;  pathology  of  this  form  of  con- 
nective  tissue;    sclerosis;    inflammatory  processes,  etc. 

(13) 


(/$)     Epiblastic  connective  tissue  or  neurogleia.     Inter- 
cellular substance.     Boll's  interfibrillar  granules,  etc. 

4.  Other  tissue  elements.  Fat  granule  cells. 
Amyloid  bodies.  Observations  of  Rindfleisch.  Leber's 
corpuscles  of  Vincenti.  Morbific  micro-organisms.  Ne- 
oplastic  elements. 

Peripheral  Connections  and  Terminations  of   Nerves. 

In  the  skeletal  muscular  system.  In  smooth  muscle.  In  the 
cardiac  musculature.  In  glandular  structures,  etc. 
Terminations  of  sensory  nerves.  Touch  corpuscles  of 
Wagner  and  Meissner.  Vater's  or  Pacini's  corpuscles. 
Krause's  end  bulbs.  Genital  corpuscles.  Articulation 
nerve  corpuscles.  Tactile  or  touch  corpuscles  of 
Merkel,  or  corpuscles  of  Grandry.  Herbst's  corpuscles. 
Other  modes  of  termination,  as  in  the  cornea,  etc.,  in 
hair  follicles,  in  tendons.  Structure  of  the  organ  of 
smell.  Regio  olfactoria.  Olfactory  bulb,  etc.,  Jacob- 
sen's  organ.  Peripheral  terminations  of  optic;  of  audi- 
tory nerves,  etc. 

Hinute  Structure  of   the  Spinal  Cord. 

Structural  features  common  to  all  the  central  nervous  organs. 
Elements  found,  ground  tissue,  general  arrangement  of 
the  cells  and  fibres.  Causes  of  difference  in  color  of 
the  nervous  structures.  Subdivisions  of  gray  matter 
in  the  central  nervous  system,  to-wit: 

i,  the  brain-mantle  covering  the  surface  of  the  secondary 
fore-brain;  2,  rind  of  the  cerebellum;  3,  gray  masses  of 
the  cord  and  corresponding  portions  of  the  brain  from 
whence  cranial  nerves  arise;  inner  lining  of  the  third 
ventricle;  4,  central  ganglia.  Topographical  subdi- 
vision of  white  matter:  i,  homodesmotic  fibres;  2, 
heterodesmotic  fibres.  Nerve  tracts  in  cord,  compari- 
son. Simplest  scheme  of  connections  of  nerves  and 

(H) 


nuclei.     Explanation  of  term  "nerve  root."     Nuclei  of 

nerves  which  function  symmetrically.     Connections  of 

nuclei  which  function    symmetrically.     Connections  of 
nuclei  with  one  another.     Homologies  of  nuclei. 

Histology  of  the  Cord. 

Of  the  white  sheath.  Periphery.  Sustentacular  framework. 
Direction  of  fibres.  Size  of  fibres.  Groups  of  visceral 
fibres.  Distinction  in  gray  matter.  Arrangement  of 
root  fibres.  Size  and  physical  characteristics  of  cells  in 
different  locations  in  gray  matter.  Substantia  spon- 
giosa.  Substantia  gelatinosa.  Its  development.  Cen- 
tral canal.  Commissures  of  the  cord. 

Topography  of  the  Cord. 

Views  on  section,  fissures,  commissures,  white  and  gray 
matter,  cornua,  etc.  Arrangement  of  the  cells.  Ante- 
rior and  posterior  roots.  Sections  at  different  levels. 
Areas  in  cross  sections.  Course  of  the  fibres  in  the 
cord.  Relations  of  the  posterior  roots  to  the  cord. 
Connections  of  the  anterior  roots.  Origin  of  the  poste- 
rior roots.  Fibres  which  join  those  to  Lockhart  Clark's 
column.  Do  posterior  roots  join  cells  or  plexus?  Fun- 
iculi  in  white  matter.  Short  and  long  tracts.  Myeli- 
nation  of  white  matter.  Connections  of  pyramidal  col- 
umns. Statistics  of  degeneration.  Cerebral  visceral 
fibres.  Degeneration  of  Coil's  column.  Fibres  of  the 
anterior  commissure.  Histogeny  of  the  white  columns. 

Topographical  Examination  of  the  Brain. 

Horizontal  and  vertical  sections.  Meynert's  axis  of  section. 
Continuation  of  white  and  gray  matter  of  the  cord  into 
bulbar  regions.  Changes  produced  by  the  pyramids. 
Displacement  of  the  gray  matter.  Lateral  columns  in 
the  bulb.  Crossing  of  the  fillet.  Clava,  etc.  The 


olives  and  the  fibrse  arcuatae.  Opening-  up  of  the  cen- 
tral canal  of  the  cord  into  the  sinus  rhomboidalis.  Floor 
of  the  fourth  ventricle.  Posterior  longitudinal  bundle. 
Fillet.  Roots  of  the  VHIth  pair.  Section  of  the 
pons.  Roots  of  the  abducens.  Corpus  trapezoides. 
Three  limbs  of  the  facial  root.  Large  cells  in  the  teg- 
mental  region.  Roots  of  the  Vlth  pair.  Substantia 
ferruginea.  Gray  matter  of  the  cerebellum.  Origin 
of  the  trochlearis.  Nucleus  of  this  pair.  Vestiges  of 
ganglia  in  the  Illrd  and  IVth.  Substantia  nigra. 
Description  of  area  viewed  in  section  through  the 
mid-brain.  Front  of  the  mid-brain.  Nuclei  of  the 
Illrd.  Corpora  geniculata,  opening  of  the  iter  a  tertii 
ad  quartum  ventriculum,  and  its  relations  to  the  cavity 
of  the  'tween-brain.  Sections  of  the  great-brain.  Re- 
lations of  the  basal  ganglia.  Nuclei  of  the  'tween-brain 
ganglia.  Corpus  subthalamicum.  Ansa  peduncularis. 
Front  of  the  'tween-brain. 

Course  of  the  Fibres  of  the  Encephalo-Spino-Neural  System,  with 

their  Relations,  through  the  Bulbar  and  Pontine  Planes, 

and  in  the  Cord,  Caudalwards  and  Brainwards. 

Longitudinal  fibres  of  the  pedal  system.  Scheme  of  the 
pyramidal  tracts.  Proportion  of  fibres  contained  in 
them.  Crural  fibres  for  the  cranial  nerves.  Constituents 
of  the  crusta.  Fibres  of  the  pontine  planes.  Transi- 
tion of  the  crusta  into  the  internal  capsule.  Connections 
of  the  posterior  roots  with  the  brain.  Longitudinal 
fibres  of  the  tegmental  system.  Nomenclature  of  the 
fillet.  Constituents  and  degeneration  of  the  fillet. 
Corpus  restiforme  and  constituents.  Fibres  connected 
with  the  olives.  Connections  of  the  lateral  cerebellar 
tract.  Upper  termination  of  Gower's  tract.  The  rest 
of  the  anterior  and  lateral  columns.  Posterior  longitudi- 
nal fasciculus.  Decussation  of  fibres  in  the  mid-brain. 

(16) 


Schemes  or  Projections  of  the  Nervous   System. 

That  of  Luys,  of  Meynert,  of  Alex.  Hill,  of  Aeby,  of 
Flechsig. 

The  Cranial  Nerves. 

I. — Nervus  olfactorius.  Comparison  of  this  apparatus  in 
man  and  lesser  animals.  Olfactory  bulb.  Its  ventricle 
and  minute  anatomy.  Homology  of  retina,  olfactory 
bulb  and  spinal  ganglia,  nuclei,  granules  and  ganglion 
cells.  Olfactory  tract,  relation  to  anterior  commissure. 
Connections  of  the  tract:  Gudden's  experiments.  Cor- 
tical centres  of  olfaction.  Comparative  anatomy. 
Relation  of  the  temporal  lobe  to  olfaction.  General 
consideration  of  the  great  limbic  arch  in  this  connection. 
Function  of  the  first  pair. 

II. — Nervus  opticus.  Divisions  of  the  optic  tract.  Chiasm. 
Course  of  the  fibres.  Mesial  root,  etc.  Fibres  in  the 
chiasm.  The  commissure  of  Gudden.  Cortical  visual 
areas.  The  corpora  geniculata.  Histology  of  the 
quadrigeminal  bodies.  Connections  of  the  nates.  Func- 
tions of  the  Ilndpair. 

III. — Nervus  oculomotor ius.  Origin  of  root  bundles  for 
eye  muscles.  Nucleus.  Course  of  fibres,  their  relation 
to  the  nucleus.  Association  of  eye-muscle  nuclei.  Cor- 
tical centres.  Peripheral  distribution.  Functions  of 
the  Illrd  pair. 

IV.— Nervus  trochlearis — Origin,  course  and  distribution 
of  fibres.  Connections  with  other  nerves.  Functions 
of  the  IVth  pair. 

V. — Nervus  trigeminus — Central  origin.  Convolutio 
trigemini.  Course  and  exit  from  pons.  Connections, 
portio-major,  etc.  Ascending  root.  Lateral  addition. 
Median  fibres.  Descending  root.  Middle  root.  Cortical 
connections.  Peripheral  distribution.  Physiological 
properties.  Effects  of  division.  Painful  affections. 
Influence  on  the  special  senses. 

(17) 


VI. — Nervus  abducens — Nucleus  of  origin.  Course  and 
distribution  of  fibres.  As  to  its  relation  with  the  facialis. 
Functions  of  the  Vlth  pair. 

VII. — Nervus  facialis—  Primary  centre.  Course,  relations 
and  distribution  of  fibres.  Genu.  Connections.  Physi- 
ological properties.  Effects  of  irritation  and  of  division 
or  ablation  on  the  muscles  of  the  face,  eyes,  nostrils, 
lips  and  ears.  Pathology  of  facial  paralysis.  Crossed 
action.  Sensibility.  Communications,  in  the  aqueduct 
of  Fallopius.  Effects  of  division  on  taste.  Fibres  of 
the  IXth  and  their  relation  to  chorda  tympani.  Obser- 
vations of  Sir  Chas.  Bell.  Study  of  expression. 

VIII. — -Nerviis  audit  or  tus. — Constituents  of  the  VHIth 
pair:  Nervus  cochlear.  Nervus  vestibuli.  Relations 
to  the  nervus  intermedius  Wrisbergi.  Two  peripheral 
roots.  Nuclei  of  origin:  i,  chief  nucleus  ;  2,  large 
celled  nucleus ;  3,  accessory  nucleus.  Tuberculum 
acusticum.  Relation  of  roots  to  nuclei :  i,  lateral  root ; 
2,  mesial  root.  Cortical  connections.  Plan  of  brain  con- 
nections. Strise  medullares  and  conductor  sonorus. 
Connections  of  the  corpus  trapezoides.  Relations  to 
posterior  corpus  quadrigeminum  and  mesial  genicu- 
late  body.  Observations  of  Baginski.  Physiological 
properties. 

IX. — Nervus  glosso-pharyngeits — Conjoined  nucleus  of  the 
IXth,  Xth,  and  the  Xlih.  Course,  relations,  connec- 
tions and  distribution  of  fibres.  Homologies  of  spinal 
and  cranial  nerves  as  exemplified  in  the  IXth.  Serial 
homology  of  cranial  nerves.  Respiratory  bundle  or 
funiculus  solitarius.  Physiological  attributes. 

X. — Nervus  vagus,  seu  pneumogastricus — Nuclei.  Deep 
and  superficial  origin  of  fibres.  Course,  relations,  con- 
nections and  distribution.  Physiological  properties. 
Connection  \vith  respiration.  Protection  of  the  glottis. 
Connection  with  the  voice,  with  deglutition,  with  gastric 
digestion.  Influence  on  the  heart,  etc. 

(18) 


m.—  Nervus    Accessorius — Spinal    and    bulbar    portions. 

Origin,  course  and  distribution  of  fibres.     Connections. 

Physiological  properties. 
XII. — Nervus   hypoglossalis — Origin.       Nucleus.     Course 

and  distribution  of  fibres.     Passage  through  the  forma- 

tio  reticularis.      Relation  to  the  inferior  olivary  system. 

Function  of  the  Xllth  pair. 
Pathological  observations   in   connection  with  the  preceding 

subject  matter.      Diseases  of  the  brain-stem. 

The  Cerebellum. 

Central  nuclei.  Medullary  substance.  Components  of  the 
brachiu.m  conjunctivum.  Fibres  in  cerebellum.  Com- 
missures and  connections.  Elements  of  the  cortex. 
Connections  and  central  processes  of  the  cellular  ele- 
ments of  Purkinje.  Distribution  of  the  protoplasmic 
processes.  Plane  in  which  processes  branch.  Ultimate 
fate  of  processes.  Tangential  striation  of  molecular  layer. 
Distribution  of  layers  in  lower  vertebrates.  Histogeny 
of  cerebellum.  Plan  of  the  cerebellar  cortex.  Patho- 
logical observations  in  their  relations  to  structural 
arrangement. 

The  Cerebrum. 

Intermediate  gray  matter  of  the  crural  system.  Intimate 
structure  and  connections  and  relations  with  other  parts 
of  the  brain. 

Thalamus  opticus — Structure.  Middle  commissure.  Fas- 
ciculus retroflexus.  Pedunculi  conarii.  Thalamic  con- 
nections. The  peduncular  systems. 

Corpora  Striata — Structure.  Connections.  Ansa  lenticu- 
laris.  The  nuclei  considered  individually.  Substantia 
nigra  Soemmeringi. 

The  medullary  centres  of  the  great-brain.  Classification 
of  fibres  in  the  centrum  semi-ovale.  Corona  radiata. 

(19) 


The  fornix.  Corpora  mammillare.  Commissural  fibres 
of  the  cerebrum.  The  corpus  callosum,  its  meaning-. 
The  anterior  commissure.  Association  fibres;  fasciculus 
uncinatus,  fasciculus  longitudinalis  inferior.  Cingulum. 
Perpendicular  occipital  fasciculus  of  Wernicke. 

Cortex  cerebri — Intimate  "structure  and  physical  character* 
istics.  Layers.  Gennari's  stripe.  Baillarger's  lines. 
Pyramidal  cells.  Processes.  Methods  for  showing 
fibres  in  the  cortex.  Meynert's  five  layers.  Plan  of 
cortex  structure,  Histological  areas  of  the  cortex. 
Special  subdivisions  of  the  cortex.  Margin.  Imper- 
fectly developed  parts.  Cornu  ammonis,  its  structure, 
etc.  The  fascia  dentata  and  relation  to  the  rind.  His- 
togeny  of  the  cortex. 

The  pineal  body — Choroid  plexus  forms  roof  of  the  inter- 
brain.  Farther  back  it  becomes  elongated  into  a  tube, 
which  is  directed  forward — the  tube  of  the  epiphysis. 
In  some  selacians,  and  in  many  reptiles,  this  passes 
through  an  opening  in  the  skull  to  an  organ  of  special 
sense,  which  strikingly  resembles  an  eye.  A  cornea  and 
a  lens  can  be  recognized,  a  retina  and  a  pigmentary 
layer  lying  in  and  under  the  latter,  in  this  "parietal  eye." 
Discovered  by  Graaf  and  Spencer.  In  other  vertebrates 
no  relation  can  be  detected  between  the  epiphyseal  tube 
and  the  organ  of  special  sense,  in  the  adult  animal. 
The  tube  has  disappeared  in  the  depths  of  the  skull,  and 
the  parietal  eye,  as  is  shown  by  transitional  forms  in 
amphibians  and  reptiles,  is  so  completely  lost  that  no 
trace  of  it  can  be  found  in  birds  or  mammals.  The  blunt, 
knotted  end  of  the  tube  remains  as  a  nodule,  the  pineal 
gland,  in  front  of  the  mid-brain. 

Hypophysis  cerebri — Appendix  to  base  of  brain  about  size 
of  a  cherry.  Two  parts;  a  prolongation  of  the  floor  of 
the  ventricle  (lobus  infundibuli),  which  is  not  proven  to 
consist  of  nerve-substance;  and  a  tuft  of  epithelial 

(20) 


tubules  attached  to  the  lobus    infundibuli,    and    derived 
from  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  pharynx.     Intimate 
structure.     Observations  of  Flesch,  Darkschewitsch  and 
others. 
Pathological  processes  in  their  relation  to  anatomical  data. 

flembranes  or  Envelopes  of  Brain  and  Cord. 

Contained  material.  Liquor  cerebro-spinalis.  Composition. 
How  formed.  Uses. 

1,  Meninx  fibrosa,  or  dura  mater;  structure  and  re- 
lations;  peri  vascular  spaces;   pathological  observations. 

2,  Meninx  serosa,  or  arachnoid;  structure  and  rela- 
tions;  pacchionian  bodies;   pathological  observations. 

3,  Meninx  vasculosa,  or  pia  mater;  structure  and 
relations;   pathological  observations. 

Relations  of  tela  choroideae  and  plexus  choroidese.  Pathol- 
ogy. Special  consideration  of  the  anatomy  and  pathol- 
ogy of  the  vascular  apparatus  of  the  great-brain. 

Rotation  of  the  great-brain  during  process  of  development, 
and  observations  in  comparative  anatomy. 

The    Sympathetic  Nerve  considered   Anatomically,  Histologically 

and  Physiologically. 

General  distribution.  Structure,  ganglia,  etc.  Observations 
of  F.  Byron-Robinson.  Vaso-motor,  vaso-dilator,  vis- 
cero-motor,  inhibitory  nerves,  etc.  Relation  of  sympa- 
thetic fibres  to  spinal  fibres.  Schema.  Expansion  of 
visceral  or  splanchnic  divisions  of  certain  spinal  nerves. 
Observations  of  Michael  Foster.  Splanchnic  fibres  out- 
side of  the  sympathetic.  "Vascular"  nerves  in  and  out 
of  the  sympathetic. 

Functions  and  subdivisions:  i,  independent;  2,  dependent: 
(a)  cervical  and  cranial  subdivisions,  (b]  thoracic, 
abdominal  and  pelvic. 

Comparative  anatomy.     Historical  resume. 

(21) 


PART   II. 

Physiology  of   the   Nervous  System. 

Functional  classification  of  nerves. 

I.      Centrifugal  or  efferent— A,    motor;    B,    secretory;    C, 

trophic;  D,  inhibitory;   E,  thermic;    F,  electrical. 
Gaskell's  classification — 

A — Nerves    to   vascular    muscles:     I,    vaso-motor; 
2,  vaso-inhibitory. 

B — Nerves  to  visceral  muscles:    I,    viscero-motor; 
2 ,  viscero-inhibitory. 

C — Glandular     nerves:       anabolic      and    katabolic 
nerves. 

Examples  and  pathological  observations. 
II. — Centripetal  or  afferent  nerves — A,  sensory;  B,   special 
sense;  C,  reflex-motor,  reflex-secretory,  reflex-inhibitory. 
III. — Intercentral  nerves. 

Physiology  of  Nerves. 

Excitability  of  nerves.  Exhibition  of  function.  Stimuli: 
mechanical,  thermal,  chemical,  electrical,  physiological. 
Effects  of  currents.  Tetanus.  Unequal  excitability. 
Diminution  of  excitability,  fatigue,  recovery.  Degener- 
ation. Wallerian  law.  Regeneration  of  nerves.  Suture 
of  nerves.  Transplantation  of  and  union  of  nervous 
tissue.  Ritter-Valli  law.  Excitable  points.  Death  of 
a  nerve. 

Electro-physiology — Physics  of  the  question.  Instruments. 
Electrical  currents  in  resting  muscle  and  nerve.  Skin 


(22) 


currents.     Rheoscopic  limb.     Action  currents.     Retinal 
and  eye  currents.      Electrotonus. 

Theories  of  muscle  and   nerve  currents — Molecular,  or  pre- 
existence     theory.      Difference,    or    alteration    theory. 
Transmission  of  nervous  impulses.     Double  conduction 
in  nerves.     Electrical    nerves.     Electrical    charging  of 
the  body.     Comparative.     Electrical  fishes,  etc. 

Historical — Observations  of  Richer,  Walsh,  J.  Davy, 
Becquerel,  Brechet,  Matteuci,  von  Humboldt,  de 
Sauvages,  A.  Galvani,  Volta,  Pfaff,  Bunzen,  du  Bois 
Reymond,  Ranvier,  Marey,  Sanderson,  Gotch  and 
Ewart,  among  others. 

Functions  of  the  Spinal  Cord. 

The  spinal  nerves,  functions.  Effects  of  division  or  ablation. 
Effects  of  irritation.  The  ganglia,  etc. 

The  spinal  cord — As  a  conductor;  results  of  hemi- 
section;  of  section;  experiments  of  Ludvig  and  Woros- 
chiloff,  of  Dalton,  etc.;  centrifugal  and  centripetal  paths; 
the  muscular  sense. 

The  cord  as  a  collection  of  centres,  or  an  inde- 
pendent centre.  Reflex  action.  Inhibition  of  reflex 
action.  Spinal  co-ordination.  Observations  on  the 
lower  animals.  Robin's  experiments  on  guillotined 
criminals.  Muscle  tonus.  Vaso-motor  tonus.  Trophic 
centres.  Observations  on  their  function.  Heat  centres. 
Tabulation  of  reflexes.  General  conclusions.  The 
question  of  consciousness.  Pathological  observations  in 
their  relations  to  physiological  data. 

Functions  of   the  Bulb. 

Motor  and  sensory  tracts.  Centres;  deglutition,  respiration, 
cardiac,  vaso-motor,  pressor  and  depressor  nerves.  Le- 
sions of  the  medulla  oblongata.  General  resume  and 
conclusions. 

(23) 


Functions  of  the  riesencephalon  and  Cerebellum. 

i.  Maintenance  of  equilibrium — Three  factors:  i,  system  of 
afferent  nerves  and  organs;  2,  Co-ordinating  centre;  3, 
Efferent  tracts  in  connection  with  the  muscular  apparatus 
in  action.  Erect  posture.  Goltz'  balancing  experiments. 
Huxley's  observations.  Illustrations,  etc. 

The  afferent  apparatus  consists  of:  A,  Organs  for 
the  reception  and  transmission  of  tactile  or  common 
sensory  impressions;  influence  of  tactile  impressions; 
Volkman's  and  Heydt's  observations;  pathology.  B, 
Organs  for  the  reception  and  transmission  of  visual 
impressions;  influence  of  visual  impressions;  the  blind; 
sight  in  connection  with  motor  adjustments  regulation; 
disturbances  by  unusual  movements  in  the  field  of 
vision;  Cyon's  observations.  C,  Semicircular  canals  of 
the  internal  ear  and  the  afferent  nerves;  influence  of 
labyrinthine  impressions;  experiments  of  Flourens; 
division  of  the  semicircular  canals;  lesions  of  the  same; 
mechanism  of  labyrinthine  impressions. 

II.  Co-ordination  of  locomotion — Factors  concerned  in  co- 
ordination.     Locomotor  ataxia.     General  considerations 
and  conclusions. 

III.  Instinctive   or    emotional    expression — Resemblances 
between  animals  deprived  of  their  cerebral  hemispheres 
and  anaesthetized  human  subjects.      Psychological  obser- 
vations, etc. 

Functions  of  the  Corpora  Quadrigemina. 

Relations  to  the  special  senses.  Effects  of  destructive 
lesions.  Effects  of  irritative  experimentation.  Obser- 
vations of  David  Ferrier.  Remarks  on  the  phenomena. 
General  deductions. 


(24) 


Functions  of  the  Cerebellum. 

Experiments  of  Flourens,  those  of  David  Ferrier,  etc. 
Effects  of  destructive  lesions.  Symptoms  of  cerebellar 
disease.  Irritative  and  destructive  lesions  compared. 
Localized  lesions.  Electrical  excitability.  Results  of 
applications  of  electrical  stimuli  in  various  animals. 
Gajvanization  of  the  head.  Mechanism  of  cerebellar 
co-ordination.  Relative  development  of  the  cerebellum. 
Owen's  observations  on  cerebellar  development  in  the 
cyclostome  and  plagiostome  cartilaginous  fishes;  Myxine, 
lamprey  and  shark,  etc.  Recovery  from  cerebellar 
lesions.  Afferent  relations  of  the  cerebellum;  relations 
to  common  sensory  tracts.  Relation  to  the  labyrinth; 
to  the  eyes.  Efferent  relations  of  the  cerebellum;  to  the 
cerebrum;  visceral  relations.  Pathological  observations, 
case  of  Alexandrine  Labrosse  reported  by  Combette. 
Shuttleworth's  case  of  congenital  cerebellar  atrophy. 

Functions  of  the  Cerebrum. 

Methods  of  investigation.  Views  of  Flourens.  Excitability 
of  the  cortex.  Methods  of  stimulation.  Conduction  of 
electrical  currents.  Excitability  of  medullary  fibres  as 
compared  with  that  of  the  brain-mantle.  -  Observations 
of  David  Ferrier,  John  C.  Dalton,  etc. 

Phenomena  of  electrical  irritation  of  the  cortex — i,  experi- 
ments on  monkeys,  convolutions  of  the  simian  brain;  2, 
experiments  on  dogs;  3,  experiments  on  various  other 
animals.  Electrical  stimulation  of  the  basal  ganglia, 
corpora  striata  and  the  optic  thalami. 

The  Hemispheres  Considered  Physiologically. 

A.      General  functional  value  of  the  cortical  rind, 
Physiological  topography  of  the  hemispheres. 


(25) 


B.  The   sensory  centres. — I,   the    visual    centres  ;    2,   the 
auditory     centres  ;    3,    the     olfactory    centres  :    4,     the 
gustatory  centres  ;  5,  the  tactile  centres. 

C.  The  motor  centres. — Topography   of  the  motor  areas 
Psycho  motor  paralysis.     Bilateral  association.      Func- 
tional compensation.    Consideration  of  sensory  relations. 
The   sense    of  effort.     Muscular    discrimination.     The 
frontal    motor   centres.       Anatomical    relations   of   the 
frontal  centres. 

Physiology  of  the  Senses. 

Olfaction,  vision,  audition,  taste,  sensory  and  tactile  sensation. 
Varieties.  Law  of  peripheral  perception.  Pressure 
points,  pain  spots,  tickling  spots.  Sense  of  locality. 
Pressure  sense.  Temperature  sense.  Common  sensa- 
tion. Pain.  Muscular  sense.  The  reproductive  instinct. 


(26) 


PART  III. 
The  Hemispheres  Considered  Psychologically. 

Brain  and  mind.  Conditions  of  perception.  Feelings  and 
emotions.  Appetites  and  desires.  Motives  to  volition. 
Ideation.  Conflict  of  motives.  Acquisition  of  speech. 
Aphasia.  Word-blindness  and  word-deafness.  Control 
of  ideation.  Attention.  Substrata  of  attention.  Phe- 
nomena of  cerebral  activity.  Phenomena,  genesis, 
growth,  development  and  perturbations  of  sensibility. 
Genesis  and  evolution  ^of  memory.  Psycho-intellectual 
activity.  Evolution  of  sensorial  impressions.  The 
judgment,  etc.  Lessons  taught  by  pathology  and 
experimentation.  Psychological  definition  of  person- 
ality. Hypothesis  of  the  ego.  Genesis  and  develop- 
ment of  the  ego.  Experimental  psychology.  The 
hypotheses  concerning  the  nature  of  consciousness. 
Psychic  and  nervous  activities.  Psychometric  researches- 
Observations  of  Maudsley  and  Herzen,  of  Ribot. 
Preyer's  notes  on  brain  metabolism  in  connection  with 
psychic  activity.  Sleep.  Observations  of  Despine,  of 
Hartmann.  Organic  conditions  of  personality.  The 
principle  of  individuation.  Cce.naesthesis.  Remarks 
of  Louis  Peisse,  of  Coudillac,  etc.  The  basic  feeling  of 
organic  life.  Its  elements.  Contributions  on  the  part 
of  the  various  vital  functions;  organic  sensations  attached 
to  respiration,  those  from  the  alimentary  canal,  those 
connected  with  the  state  of  nutrition,  general  and  local 
circulation.  Organic  sensations  arising  from  the  state 
of  the  muscles;  associations  with  the  special  senses. 
Organic  sensations  of  the  genital  apparatus.  Compre- 
hension of  the  physical  bases  of  personality.  Their 

(27) 


relation  to  the  higher  forms  of  mental  life.  Extra- 
physiological  variations  and  centripetal  stimuli  as  setio- 
logical  factors  in  dream  production.  Does  physical 
personality  exist  in  nature?  Comparison  between  the 
higher  and  lower  forms  of  life.  Variations  of  personality 
in  the  normal  state;  euphory.  Exaltation  and  depres- 
sion. Borderland  between  the  normal  and  the  abnormal. 
Reductions  constituting  pathological  states.  Double 
personality.  Personality  of  double  montrosities  ;  of 
twins.  Emotions  in  their  relation  to  personality. 
Metamorphosis  of  personality.  Normal  and  abnormal 
sexual  characters,  hermaphrodites,  eunuchs,  sexual 
perverts.  Pathological  phenomena  in  their  relation  to 
psychological  data.  Dissolution  of  personality.  Com- 
parative psychology.  Evolution  of  zoological  individ- 
uality. Hypnotism,  etc. 


(28) 


LABORATORY  MANUAL 


-OF 


Elementary  Chemical  Physiology 

AND  URINE  ANALYSIS. 


BY  JOHN  H.  LONG,  M.  S.,  Sc.  D. 

Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Director  of  the  Chemical  Laboratories  in  the  Schools  of 
Medicine  and  Pharmacy  of  Northwestern  University. 


NUMEROUS     ILLUSTRATIONS . 


Long's  Manual  of  Elementary  Chemical  Physiology  and  Urine  Analysis  is  a 
book  written  for  students  of  medicine  as  a  laboratory  guide,  with  reference  also  to 
the  needs  of  practitioners  as  a  work  of  reference.  It  contains  366  pages  about 
equally  divided  between  the  subjects  of  chemical  physiology  and  analysis  of  the 
urine.  The  first  part  contains  full  discussions  of  methods  of  blood  examination, 
tests  of  the  gastric  juice,  use  of  spectroscope  and  polariscope  and  several  other 
subjects  of  increasing  practical  interest  to  the  physician,  while  the  second  part  is 
devoted  to  the  details  of  chemical  and  microscopic  examination  of  the  urine,  the 
more  important  parts  of  which  are  treated  at  considerable  length.  This  portion  of 
the  book  is  very  full  in  the  description  of  practical  tests  employed  in  the  detection  of 
traces  of  pathological  constituents,  and  also  in  quantitive  measurements.  It  contains 
minute  directions  for  the  preparation  of  the  various  test  solutions  employed  in  qual- 
itative and  quantitative  urine  analysis,  and  a  selection  has  been  made  of  those  which 
have  been  found  the  most  satisfactory  in  practice. 

In  all  cases  the  clinical  significance  of  each  substance  under  discussion  is 
pointed  out,  making  the  book  something  more  than  a  laboratory  guide  in  the  per- 
formance of  tests. 

Attention  should  be  called  also  to  the  chapters  on  the  microscopic  examination 
of  urine,  in  which  the  subjects  of  collecting,  preserving  and  examining  sediments  are 
fully  explained. 

PRICE      $2. SO     NET. 


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EXPERIMENTAL 


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ANALYTICAL  CHEMISTRY 


BY  JOHN  H.  LONG,  M.  S.,  Sc.  D. 


SOQ    PAGES. 


PRICE,    $3.00     NET. 


ELEMENTARY   TECHNIQUE 


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HISTOLOGY  AND  BACTERIOLOGY 


BY  E.  B.  HOAG  AND  H.   KAHN. 


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